The Oregon Trail
Genre(s)	Edutainment
Developer(s)	MECC
Publisher(s)	Brøderbund The Learning Company Gameloft
Creator(s)	Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, Paul Dillenberger
First release	The Oregon Trail December 3, 1971
Latest release	The Oregon Trail April 2, 2021
Spin-offs	The Amazon Trail The Yukon Trail MayaQuest: The Mystery Trail Africa Trail

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The 1990 MECC version of The Oregon Trail, where players face various trials and tribulations while trying to make it from east to west, is among them. The popular game was often used in schools. The Oregon Trail is an older, very popular computer game that was developed by Bill Heinemann, Don Rawitsch, and Paul Dillenberger back in 1971. It was then put out on the market in 1974 by MECC. The game is simple and was created to teach school children about the life of a 19th century pioneer on the Oregon Trail.

Oregon Trail game - As the longest-published, most successful educational game of all time. Play Oregon Trail online, in a web browser! Travel west from Independence, Missouri to the Willamette River and valley in Oregon.

The Oregon Trail is a series of educational computer games. The first game was originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) in 1974. The original game was designed to teach 8th grade school children about the realities of 19th-century pioneer life on the Oregon Trail. The player assumes the role of a wagon leader guiding a party of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon's Willamette Valley via a covered wagon in 1848.

History[edit]

In 1971, Don Rawitsch, a senior at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, taught an 8th grade history class as a student teacher.^[1]^[2] He used HP Time-Shared BASIC running on a HP 2100 minicomputer to write a computer program to help teach the subject.^[3] Rawitsch recruited two friends and fellow student teachers, Paul Dillenberger and Bill Heinemann, to help.^[4]

These are the original core gameplay concepts which have endured in every subsequent version: initial supply purchase; occasional food hunting; occasional supply purchase at forts; inventory management of supplies; variable travel speed depending upon conditions; frequent misfortunes; and game over upon death or successfully reaching Oregon.^[5]

The game that would be later named The Oregon Trail debuted to Rawitsch's class on December 3, 1971. Although the minicomputer's teletype and paper tape terminals that predate display screens were awkward to children, the game was immediately popular, and he made it available to users of the minicomputer time-sharing network owned by Minneapolis Public Schools. When the next semester ended, Rawitsch printed out a copy of the source code and deleted it from the minicomputer.^[5]^[4]

MECC[edit]

In 1974, the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), a state-funded organization that developed educational software for the classroom, hired Rawitsch. He uploaded the Oregon Trail game into the organization's time-sharing network by retyping it, copied from a printout of the 1971 BASIC code. Then he modified the frequency and details of the random events that occurred in the game, to more accurately reflect the accounts he had read in the historical diaries of people who had traveled the trail. In 1975, when his updates were finished, he made the game titled OREGON available to all the schools on the timeshare network. The game became one of the network's most popular programs, with thousands of players monthly.^[5]^[4]^[6]

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Rawitsch published the source code of The Oregon Trail, written in BASIC 3.1 for the CDC Cyber 70/73-26, in Creative Computing's May–June 1978 issue.^[7] That year MECC began encouraging schools to adopt the Apple II microcomputer.^[4] John Cook adapted the game for the Apple II, and it appeared on A.P.P.L.E.'s PDS Disk series No. 108. A further version called Oregon Trail 2 was adapted in June 1978 by J.P. O'Malley. The game was further released as part of MECC's Elementary series, on Elementary Volume 6 in 1980. The game was titled simply Oregon, and featured minimal graphics. It proved so popular that it was re-released as a standalone game, with substantially improved graphics, in 1985. The new version was also updated to more accurately reflect the real Oregon Trail, incorporating notable geographic landmarks as well as human characters with whom the player can interact.^[8]

By 1995, The Oregon Trail comprised about one-third of MECC's $30 million in annual revenue.^[9] An updated version, Oregon Trail Deluxe, was released for DOS and Macintosh in 1992, as well as Windows in 1993 (under the title of simply The Oregon Trail Version 1.2)^[10] followed by Oregon Trail II in 1995,^[4]The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition in 1997,^[11] and 4th^[12] and 5th editions.^[13] As of 2011, more than 65 million copies of The Oregon Trail have been sold.^[4]

Editions[edit]

Various games in the series were released with inconsistent titles.

*The Oregon Trail* games
Title	Year	Developer	Publisher	Platform
The Oregon Trail	1971	Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger	Not published	HP 2100
OREGON	1975	Modified by Don Rawitsch	MECC (on timeshare system)	CDC Cyber 70
OREGON	1978	John Cook (ported from timeshare version)	MECC (as download)	Apple II
OREGON (part of Elementary Volume 6)	1980	Unchanged from 1978 version	MECC (on floppy disk)	Apple II
Oregon (part of Expeditions)	1983	MECC (ported from 1980 Apple II version)	MECC	Atari 8-Bit
Oregon (part of Expeditions)	1984	MECC (ported from 1980 Apple II version)	MECC	Commodore 64, Radio Shack TRS-80
The Oregon Trail	1985	R. Philip Bouchard (designer), MECC	MECC	Apple II
The Oregon Trail	1990	MECC (direct copy of 1985 Apple II version)	MECC	DOS
The Oregon Trail	1991	MECC	MECC	Macintosh (B&W)
The Oregon Trail Deluxe	1992	MECC	MECC	DOS (with mouse support)
The Oregon Trail	1993	MECC	MECC	Windows 3.x, Windows
Oregon Trail II	1995	Wayne Studer (designer), MECC	SoftKey	DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows, Macintosh

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